Component Reference

OffroadVehicle

The main controller. Orchestrates all vehicle subsystems: engine, transmission, axles, brakes, aerodynamics, and parking hold. Auto-discovers child SolidAxle components and adds an OffroadInputSystem if no OffroadInput exists.

Setup

Property	Description
Center of Mass	Transform for rigidbody center of mass position (auto-created by wizard)

Weight

Property	Description
Weight (kg)	Vehicle mass in kilograms

Drivetrain

Property	Description
Engine	Serialized OffroadEngine — torque curve, RPM limits, inertia
Transmission	Serialized OffroadTransmission — gear ratios, shift points
Transmission Mode	Automatic or Manual
Auto Reverse	Hold brake at standstill to toggle reverse direction
Reverse Hold Time (s)	Seconds to hold brake before engaging reverse
4LO (Low Range)	Toggle low-range transfer case (multiplies torque by lowRangeMultiplier)

Throttle

Property	Description
Max Throttle	Clamps input throttle (0–1). Set to 0.3–0.5 for keyboard demos.
Throttle Sensitivity	0–1. Lower values ramp throttle buildup slower on key hold. 1 = instant (current behavior). Useful for keyboard — tap throttle for a gentle blip, hold for full power.

Traction Control

Property	Description
Strength	0–1. Reduces drive torque based on average axle slip. 0 = off, 1 = aggressive cut to 20% torque at full slip.

Brakes

Property	Description
Brake Torque (N·m)	Maximum brake torque applied per wheel
E-Brake Torque (N·m)	Handbrake torque applied to non-steered axles

Parking Hold

Property	Description
Parking Hold	Auto-brake at low speed to prevent rolling
Speed Threshold (m/s)	Speed below which parking hold engages
Hold Force (N)	Force applied to hold the vehicle stationary

Aerodynamics

Property	Description
Drag Coefficient	Air resistance multiplier: F = v² × dragCoeff × 0.5
Downforce Coefficient	Vertical grip force at speed: F_down = v² × downforceCoeff × 0.5

Axles

Child SolidAxle components are auto-discovered and displayed through the inspector. See SolidAxle section.

Quick Presets

One-click buttons for vehicle-wide configuration:

Preset	Weight	Engine	Gears	Suspension	Diff	TC
Rock Crawler	2,400 kg	600 Nm V8	5.5 / 3.5 / 2.2 / 1.5 / 1.0 × 5.3 (×2.0 LO)	0.6m ride, 0.5m travel, 42k spring	Locked	0.8
Trail Rig	2,000 kg	450 Nm V6	5.0 / 2.8 / 1.8 / 1.3 / 1.0 × 4.1 (×2.0 LO)	0.5m ride, 0.36m travel, 49k spring	LimitedSlip	0.7
Overlander	3,200 kg	650 Nm I6	5.0 / 3.0 / 2.0 / 1.4 / 1.0 × 4.5 (×2.0 LO)	0.55m ride, 0.4m travel, 70k spring	Locked	0.6
Baja Racer	1,800 kg	500 Nm V6	4.0 / 2.2 / 1.6 / 1.2 / 0.9 × 3.7 (×2.0 LO)	0.6m ride, 0.6m travel, 26k spring	Open	0.3

Engine Presets (Quick Buttons)

Preset	Max Torque	Max RPM	Idle RPM	Torque Curve Shape
V8	650 Nm	5,500	750	60% at idle, peak at 20%, 65% at redline — diesel-like
V6	500 Nm	6,500	800	30% at idle, builds to 80%, peak at 60%, 75% at redline
I4	400 Nm	7,500	850	15% at idle, 40% at 30%, peaks at 70%, 100% at redline
I6	550 Nm	6,000	800	40% at idle, 85% at 25%, peak at 55%, 85% at redline

Transmission Presets (Quick Buttons)

Preset	Gear Ratios	Final Drive
4-Speed	4.0 / 2.5 / 1.7 / 1.0	4.1
5-Speed	4.0 / 2.5 / 1.7 / 1.2 / 0.9	4.1
6-Speed	4.0 / 2.5 / 1.7 / 1.3 / 1.0 / 0.8	3.9

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OffroadEngine

Serializable drivetrain class (not a MonoBehaviour). Configured inside the OffroadVehicle inspector. Manages torque output, RPM calculation, and engine stalling.

Property	Description
Torque Curve	Multiplier vs normalized RPM curve. Y = 0–1, evaluated at RPM / maxRPM.
Max Torque (N·m)	Peak engine torque (multiplied by torque curve evaluation)
Idle RPM	Engine idle speed — the RPM floor when throttle is released
Max RPM	Engine redline — RPM is clamped to this value
Inertia (kg·m²)	How quickly RPM responds to load changes. Higher = slower response.
Enable Stalling	When enabled, engine cuts out if RPM drops below stallRPM
Stall RPM	RPM threshold for engine stall

Engine Presets (5 presets, 2 rows)

Button	Type	Torque	Weight	Character
Standard	I4 Turbo (2.0T)	380 Nm	1500 kg	Sweet-spot daily driver, balanced and responsive
Rock Crawler	I6 Turbo Diesel	600 Nm	2400 kg	Heavy, torquey, locked diffs, max traction
Trail Rig	V6 NA	450 Nm	2000 kg	All-round offroader, LSD, good suspension
Overlander	V8 Turbo Diesel	650 Nm	3200 kg	Heavy expedition rig, locked diffs, comfortable
Baja Racer	I4 High-Rev	500 Nm	1800 kg	Light, fast, sporty suspension, great for jumps

RPM Calculation

The engine uses kinematic coupling: targetRPM = wheelRPM × totalRatio. The actual RPM rate-limits toward this target at maxRPMChangeRate (6000 RPM/s default). When the vehicle is stationary, a blend toward idle prevents stalling:

blend = clamp01(1 - kinematicRPM / idleRPM)
target = lerp(kinematicRPM, idleRPM, blend)

GetTorque()

Returns torqueCurve.Evaluate(currentRPM / maxRPM) × maxTorque.

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OffroadTransmission

Serializable drivetrain class (not a MonoBehaviour). Manages gear ratios, shift logic, and final drive.

Property	Description
Gear Ratios	Array of forward gear ratios (gear 0 = 1st, descending to ~0.8 for overdrive)
Reverse Ratio	Reverse gear ratio
Final Drive	Differential/final drive ratio multiplier
Low Range Multiplier	Torque multiplier when 4LO is engaged
Shift Up RPM	Auto-transmission upshift threshold
Shift Down RPM	Auto-transmission downshift threshold
Shift Duration (s)	Time for gear change animation

GetTotalRatio()

Returns gearRatios[currentGear] × finalDrive × (inLowRange ? lowRangeMultiplier : 1).

Shift Logic

• Upshift: when engineRPM >= shiftUpRPM && throttle > 0.1f
• Downshift: when engineRPM <= shiftDownRPM (no throttle gate — kicks down under load)
• Duration: during shift, the new gear's ratio is used immediately for kinematic RPM calculation; the engine rate-limits to the new target RPM over shiftDuration seconds

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SolidAxle

MonoBehaviour. Represents one solid (live) axle with two wheels, suspension, differential, and steering. Each axle has 4 degrees of freedom: vertical travel per wheel (independent compression/droop) and articulation (axle roll along the forward axis).

Configuration

Property	Description
isDrive	Axle receives engine torque
isSteerable	Wheels on this axle respond to steering input
Toggle Drive	When enabled, this axle's drive can be toggled on/off via the FourWheelDrive input (4WD key)

Suspension

Property	Description
Ride Height (m)	Distance from axle center to wheel center at rest
Travel Up (m)	Maximum compression travel from rest (bump stop)
Travel Down (m)	Maximum droop travel from rest (full extension)
Spring Rate (N/m)	Suspension stiffness
Damper Rate (N·s/m)	Suspension damping

Wheels

Property	Description
Left Wheel	OffroadWheel reference
Right Wheel	OffroadWheel reference
Track Width (m)	Distance between left and right wheel centers
Traction Coefficient	Friction multiplier for the axle (longitudinal + lateral). Higher = more grip. Also sets the peak of the lateral force curve.

Tire Curve

Property	Description
Peak Slip (°)	Slip angle at which lateral force peaks. Lower values = sharper initial response (grip peaks sooner). Default 12°. Street tires: 8–15°.
Max Slip (°)	Slip angle where grip stops falling. Wider gap between Peak and Max = more progressive breakaway. Default 35°.
Slide Grip	Fraction of peak grip remaining in a full slide (0.1–1). Lower = more dramatic loss of grip when drifting. Default 0.6.
Relaxation (m)	Tire relaxation length — how far the tire must roll before lateral force fully builds. Higher = more lag/weight feel, lower = snappier. Default 0.5.
Friction Circle Sat	How much longitudinal force (throttle/brake) eats into lateral grip (0–1). 0 = no interaction, 1 = full friction circle. Default 0.9 gives ~30% lateral floor at full throttle — power-oversteer is possible but controllable.

Steering (Steerable Axles)

Property	Description
Max Steer Angle (°)	Maximum steering angle
Steer Smooth Speed	Base response speed for steering
Sensitivity	0–2. Multiplier on steering response and lateral force buildup. Lower = slower/less twitchy, higher = snappier.
Auto Return	When on (default), steering returns to center when input is released. When off, steering stays at its last position (manual return).
Invert Steer	Flip steering direction for this axle
High Speed Reduction	0–1. Reduces effective steering angle at high speed for a more forgiving arcade feel. 0 = off.
Reference Speed (m/s)	Speed at which High Speed Reduction reaches full effect.

Differential

Property	Description
Differential	Open, Locked, or LimitedSlip
Lock Bias	Torque bias ratio for LimitedSlip (1–5, default 3). Higher = more locking.

Differential Models

Type	Behavior
Open	Both wheels receive the same torque, limited by the wheel with LESS traction. Prevents wheel spin but also limits total tractive force.
Locked	Each wheel receives independent torque based on its own traction limit. Maximum tractive force but causes driveline binding in turns.
LimitedSlip	Applies a Torque Bias Ratio (TBR). When one wheel exceeds its traction, excess torque is transferred to the other wheel up to the lockBias limit. Example: lockBias=3 means a 3:1 torque split is possible.

Anti-Roll Bar

Property	Description
Stiffness (N/m·diff)	Anti-roll bar stiffness. Transfers load from the more-compressed wheel to the less-compressed wheel to resist body roll. 0 = off.

The anti-roll bar applies opposing vertical forces at the spring positions proportional to the difference in suspension travel between left and right:

arbForce = (leftTravel − rightTravel) × stiffness
left spring:  +up × arbForce
right spring: −up × arbForce

When the chassis rolls (one side compresses more than the other), the bar twists and pushes up on the compressed side (reducing its load) and down on the extended side (increasing its load) — transferring load and resisting further roll.

Tuning guidance:

Value	Effect
0	Off (no anti-roll bar)
500 – 5,000	Mild — reduces body lean on soft suspension
5,000 – 20,000	Moderate — noticeable roll resistance, good starting point for most vehicles
20,000 – 50,000	Aggressive — significant roll stiffness, suitable for high-performance or race-style setups
50,000+	Extreme — very stiff, may lift inside wheel in tight corners

Tuning for handling balance (like real cars):

• Stiffer front bar → more understeer (front loses grip first when pushed)
• Stiffer rear bar → more oversteer (rear loses grip first)
• Start both axles at the same value, then bias toward the axle you want to grip more

The current ARB force is visible in telemetry (ARB=xxxN).

Wheel Cast (How Ground Detection Works)

WheelCast uses 4 rays per wheel to find the ground:

1. Center vertical (primary) — straight down from the spring perch
2. Left edge vertical — offset by -right × wheelWidth × 0.5
3. Right edge vertical — offset by +right × wheelWidth × 0.5
4. Forward-overlap — from the estimated wheel center, forward-down at 30°, detects step corners before the wheel reaches them

All rays use vertical height (springPos.y − hit.y − wheelRadius) for fair comparison. The ray with the smallest distance (highest ground) wins.

Runtime Properties

Property	Description
CurrentSteerAngle (°)	Current steering angle (smooth-interpolated)
CurrentArticulation (°)	Axle roll angle (difference between left/right ground heights)
CurrentSlip	Axle-level forward slip (0 = full grip, >0 = excess torque demand / friction capacity)

Lateral Friction (Tire Curve Model)

Each grounded wheel applies lateral force using a three-region tire curve that mimics a simplified Pacejka shape:

ratio = |slipAngle| / peakSlipAngle        (linear climb to peak)
ratio = lerp(1, slideGripRatio, t)         (gradual falloff past peak)
ratio = slideGripRatio                      (residual grip in full slide)
targetForce = sign(slipAngle) × ratio × tractionCoefficient × normalLoad

Curve regions:

Region	Behavior
|slip| ≤ peakSlipAngle	Linear climb — force rises proportionally with slip angle
peakSlipAngle < |slip| ≤ maxSlipAngle	Gradual falloff — force drops from peak to slideGripRatio × peak
|slip| > maxSlipAngle	Residual grip — force stays at slideGripRatio × peak

This gives three distinct tuning knobs:

• Peak Slip Angle controls where the tire reaches maximum grip — higher = more compliant before breakaway, lower = sharper initial response but earlier saturation
• Max Slip Angle controls how quickly grip falls off past peak — a wider gap between peak and max gives more progressive, predictable breakaway
• Slide Grip Ratio controls how much grip the tire retains in a full slide — lower values make drifting looser and more dramatic

Speed scaling: Lateral force is scaled by clamp(v²/ref, 0.05, 1) where ref differs per axle:

Axle	Reference Speed	Full grip at	Purpose
Steerable (front)	25 m²/s²	~5 m/s (18 kph)	Progressive turn-in, prevents snap
Non-steerable (rear)	4 m²/s²	~2 m/s (7 kph)	Quick stability at low speed, prevents crawling spin-out

Relaxation length replaces the old forceResponse rate limiter:

buildRate = max(vx / relaxationLength, 0.5) capped at 10

Force builds based on how far the tire rolls, not on a fixed timer:

• At high speed (20 m/s): force reaches target in ~0.05 s — responsive but not instant
• At low speed (1 m/s): force reaches target in ~0.5 s — gradual, prevents snap-spin at parking speeds
• At standstill (0 m/s): minimum rate of 0.5/s — takes ~2 s to build, enough for a grip floor
• Force decays 2× faster than it builds for prompt straightening after release

Friction circle couples lateral and longitudinal grip. When throttle or brake is applied, the lateral grip budget shrinks:

longRatio = |longForce| / peakForce
latGripScale = sqrt(1 − clamp(longRatio, 0, frictionCircleSaturation)²)

At frictionCircleSaturation = 0.9 (default): full throttle drops lateral grip to ~30% of peak — power-oversteer is possible. At 0.6: lateral grip floor is ~80% — very stable, hard to break the rear loose. At 0 (off): longitudinal forces never affect lateral grip — arcade-style independent grip.

Force projection: The final lateral force is projected perpendicular to the vehicle's velocity so it never adds energy to the system (no acceleration from cornering forces).

Non-steered axles (rear): use pure restoring slip angle α = -atan2(vy, |vx|) with the same curve shape and relaxation model.

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OffroadWheel

MonoBehaviour on each wheel GameObject. Handles wheel visual positioning, spin rotation, and steering rotation. No collider — all ground interaction is handled by the parent SolidAxle's raycast.

Property	Description
Wheel Visual	The visual mesh transform. Should be under a Pivot (child of OffroadWheel) for proper spin + steer rotation.
Wheel Radius (m)	Radius of the wheel mesh
Wheel Width (m)	Width of the wheel contact patch

Runtime Properties

Property	Description
WheelRPM	Computed from vehicle speed: speed / (radius × 2π) × 60
IsGrounded	Whether the wheel's side of the axle is in contact with the ground
Compression	Current suspension compression (0 = full droop, 1 = bump stop)

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OffroadEffects

Per-wheel effects based on tire slip. Drives tire noise audio (rumble/scrub) and dust particles — designed for offroad use, no skidmarks or squeal.

Tire Noise

Property	Description
Tire Audio Source	AudioSource for tire rumble/scrub. If left null but a clip is assigned, one is auto-created on this GameObject.
Tire Audio Clip	AudioClip to play when tires are working (assign here or pre-set on the AudioSource).
Min Slip For Noise	Slip threshold to trigger tire noise (0–1). Default 0.2.
Volume Curve	Volume vs normalized slip (0–1). Default: linear 0→1.
Pitch Curve	Pitch vs normalized slip (0–1). Default: 0.5→1.5.

Dust (Optional)

Property	Description
Dust Particles	ParticleSystem reference for dust clouds kicked up by slipping tires.
Min Slip For Dust	Slip threshold to enable dust emission. Default 0.4.

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OffroadAudio

Engine and shift audio system. Blends pitch and volume of an engine AudioSource by RPM. Accepts an external AudioSource reference so the sound source can be placed at a specific position (e.g. in the engine bay).

Engine Sound Source

Property	Description
Engine Source	AudioSource to drive with RPM-based pitch/volume. Assign an AudioSource placed at the engine position. Falls back to GetComponent<AudioSource>() if unset.
Idle Clip	AudioClip for the engine at idle/low RPM
Running Clip	AudioClip for the engine at high RPM (blends with idle clip via RPM)
Pitch Multiplier	Overall pitch multiplier (typical: 1.5)
Volume Multiplier	Overall volume multiplier (typical: 0.5)

Shift Sound Source

Property	Description
Shift Source	AudioSource for gear change sounds
Shift Clip	AudioClip played as a one-shot on each gear shift

The shift sound triggers automatically on rising edge of transmission.IsShifting (both upshifts and downshifts).

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OffroadLightManager

Controls a 4-state lighting cycle: Off → Main → HighBeam → Accessories → Off, cycled by the Lights input. Brake and reverse lights remain automatic.

Property	Description
Headlights	List of Light objects for main low-beam headlights
High Beams	List of Light objects for high-beam headlights
Accessory Lights	List of Light objects (light bars, rock lights, ditch lights)
Running / Tail Lights	List of Light objects enabled whenever lights are on (state ≥ Main)
Brake Lights	List of Light objects — auto-enabled when braking
Reverse Lights	List of Light objects — auto-enabled when reversing
Brake Threshold	Minimum brake input to trigger brake lights

Light States

State	Headlights	High Beams	Accessories	Running / Tail
Off	off	off	off	off
Main	on	off	off	on
HighBeam	on	on	off	on
Accessories	on	off	on	on

Access CurrentState from code to read the current lighting state.

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OffroadInfo

Runtime telemetry overlay. Displays real-time vehicle data in the Scene/Game view.

Property	Description
Show Gizmo	Toggle the telemetry display

Displayed Values:

• Speed — m/s, mph, kph with top speed tracking
• Throttle / Brake / Steer
• Engine — RPM and torque (Nm)
• Transmission — current gear, ratio, shift status
• Drive Torque
• Per-axle — steer angle, articulation, ground contact, compression

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OffroadCameraController

Forza-style follow camera with speed pushback, velocity look-ahead, and mouse freelook.

Property	Description
Target	Transform to follow (assign to the vehicle body)
Vehicle	OffroadVehicle reference (auto-found from Target)
Distance (m)	Base follow distance behind the target
Height (m)	Height offset above the target
Smooth Speed	SmoothDamp time constant — lower = snappier, higher = floatier
Min Height From Ground (m)	Camera rises to avoid dipping below this distance from terrain
Look Ahead Distance (m)	How far ahead of the car the camera looks (creates sense of speed)
Look Height Offset (m)	Vertical offset for the look-at point
Speed Pushback (m)	Extra distance the camera pushes back at high speed
Speed Reference (m/s)	Speed at which pushback reaches full effect
Spin Yaw Threshold (rad/s)	Yaw rate at which the camera stops looking ahead and focuses on the car (~230°/s default). Prevents the look-at point from whipping during spins.
Enable Freelook	Toggle mouse freelook
Freelook Sensitivity	Mouse look sensitivity multiplier
Freelook Recenter Speed	How fast the camera recenters when driving (0 = never, 5 = instant)
Freelook Max Pitch (°)	Maximum vertical look angle
Freelook Max Yaw (°)	Maximum horizontal look angle

Freelook behavior: Move the mouse to orbit the camera around the vehicle. When you apply throttle, steer, or brake, the camera smoothly recenters behind the car. Camera position pushes back at speed for a more dramatic sense of velocity.

Ground avoidance: Raycasts downward from the camera. When below minHeightFromGround, the camera rises to maintain the minimum ground clearance.

OffroadCameraManager

Camera switcher. Cycles through a list of cameras with the CameraSwitch input.

Property	Description
Vehicle	OffroadVehicle reference (provides input)
Cameras	List of Camera objects to cycle through

Only one camera is active at a time. Start scene with all cameras added to the list; the manager handles enable/disable and AudioListener routing.

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OffroadInput

Base input class. Defines the input interface used by all input modules.

Property	Description
Steer	-1 to 1
Throttle	0 to 1
Brake	0 to 1
LowRangeToggle	Bool (toggles on press)
WantsReverse	Bool
LightsToggle	Bool (toggles on press)
CameraSwitch	Bool (toggles on press)
FourWheelDriveToggle	Bool (toggles on press)

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OffroadInputSystem

New Input System implementation. Requires the com.unity.inputsystem package.

Auto-added by OffroadVehicle.Awake() if no OffroadInput component exists. Reads from a PlayerInput component with action map Car containing:

Action	Type
Steer	Value / Axis
Throttle	Value / Axis
Brake	Value / Axis
LowRange	Button
Reverse	Button
Lights	Button
CameraSwitch	Button
FourWheelDrive	Button

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OffroadInputDelegate

Programmatic input module. Overrides all inputs from code — useful for AI, testing, or networked vehicles.

Property	Description
steerOverride	-1 to 1
throttleOverride	0 to 1
brakeOverride	0 to 1
lowRangeOverride	Bool
reverseOverride	Bool
lightsOverride	Bool
cameraSwitchOverride	Bool
fourWheelDriveOverride	Bool

Override values are read directly in GetInput() — no other setup required.

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OffroadAIDriver

⚠ BETA: AI Driver is still experimental, I recommend using a low speed for crawling

AI driver that navigates waypoints using pure pursuit on a smooth Catmull-Rom path with curvature-based speed planning. Attach to the same GameObject as the vehicle. Disables the player's input system when active and re-enables it on disable.

Waypoints

Property	Description
Waypoints	Array of Transform targets. Drag empty GameObjects into the scene and assign them here.
End Mode	Loop — restart from waypoint 0. Stop — stop at the last waypoint. Reverse — ping-pong back through the list.
Waypoint Reached Distance (m)	How close the car must get to count as "reached". Default 4.
Use Smooth Path	Interpolates waypoints into a smooth Catmull-Rom spline for natural cornering. Default on.
Waypoint Spacing (m)	Distance between interpolated path points. Default 3.

You can add a waypoint at the current position using right-click > OffroadAIDriver > Add Waypoint At Current Position in the inspector context menu. The smooth path auto-rebuilds when waypoints are moved in the editor.

Speed

Property	Description
Max Speed (m/s)	Desired cruising speed on straight sections. Default 12.
Corner Speed (m/s)	Target speed through tight corners. Default 5.
Acceleration	Throttle output when under target speed (0–1). Default 0.5.
Braking	Brake output when overspeeding (0–1). Default 0.5.

The AI scans path curvature ahead and behind the closest point, braking into corners and accelerating on exit. Speed transitions are rate-limited for smooth behavior.

Steering

Property	Description
Steer Smooth Speed	How fast the AI's steering value smooths. Lower = smoother but slower response. Default 4.
Steer Gain	How aggressively the AI steers toward the lookahead point. Default 0.55.

The AI uses pure pursuit — it picks a point ~12m (+ 0.5s of travel) ahead on the smooth path and steers toward it. No cross-track error correction.

Obstacle Avoidance

Property	Description
Enable Avoidance	Toggle obstacle avoidance rays. Off by default.
Detect Distance (m)	Max ray distance. Default 20.
Stop Distance (m)	Distance below which the car stops. Default 6.
Obstacle Mask	Physics layers the rays detect. Default Everything.

When enabled, 5 rays fan out (-16°, -6°, 0°, 6°, 16°) and the closest obstacle reduces the speed target. Ray origin is offset 1.5m forward + 0.5m up to prevent self-collision.

Config

Property	Description
Use Four Wheel Drive	Enables 4WD on start. Default on.
Use Low Range	Enables 4LO for low-range crawling. Default off.
Use E-Brake	Applies handbrake when steering is near max and speed is high. Default off.

State

Property	Description
Is Active	Enable/disable AI control. When disabled, player input is restored.
Draw Gizmos	Visualize waypoints (green = target, cyan = others), smooth path (green line), and obstacle rays (green = clear, red = blocked).

Runtime Behavior

• On enable: disables OffroadInputSystem, activates 4WD
• On disable: re-enables player input, zeroes all inputs
• The smooth path is auto-rebuilt in edit mode when waypoints move; in play mode it is built once on start
• Speed is rate-limited so throttle/brake transitions are smooth
• The AI respects 4WD and low range through the vehicle's own settings